Vacuum Phase Transition Technology, two-phase heat transfer involves the liquid-vapor phase change (boiling/evaporation and condensation) of a working fluid. While solid conductors such
as aluminum, copper, graphite and diamond have thermal conductivities. Heat is transferred from the
heat source (evaporator) to the heat sink (condenser) over relatively long distances through the latent heat
of vaporization of a working fluid, namely, absorbed by vaporizing the working fluid. The thermal system
has 3 major components: a vacuum tight, sealed containment shell or vessel, working fluid, capillary wick
structure. They all work together to transfer heat more efficiently and evenly. Since the heat pipe contains
a vacuum, the working fluid will boil and take up latent heat at well below its boiling point at atmospheric
pressure. Water, for instance, will boil at just above 273° K (0°C) and start to effectively transfer latent heat
at this low temperature.